(Psycology) FREUD VERSUS ERIKSON

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FREUD VERSUS ERIKSON


Erik Erikson was a follower of the teachings of Sigmund Freud. Erikson expanded on the psychoanalytic theory established by Freud. Erikson recognized Freud’s emphasis on the importance of the unconscious mind, and that unconscious, irrational forces play a major role in the lives of people as they age and develop. The unconscious is largely formed during childhood, and its effects on people are often unknown to them.


The psychological theory of Freud relates everything in life to a sexual stage of development. Freud believed that there were five stages in human development. A person’s experience during these stages affected their behavior for the rest of their life. From birth to one year of age, Freud believed that the mouth was the baby’s center of pleasure. Weaning the baby from the bottle or the breast impacts his psychological development. Toilet training is the activity of focus during the anal stage from ages one through three. From ages three to six years, children are curious about the penis. This is known as the phallic stage, and boys are proud of their penises but girls wonder why they do not have one. Ages seven through eleven are a latent period. Children enjoy their childhood with play, school, and sports while their sexual urges lie dormant.


The genital stage begins in adolescence and continues through adulthood. The genitals are the most important organs. People continuously seek stimulation of the genitals and satisfaction of sexual urges.


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Erikson’s first five stages of development are similar to those of Freud. However, Erikson’s stages relate to social experiences in a person’s family and culture rather than sexual stages.


Erikson thought that infants learn to trust that others will take care of their basic needs, or they learn to mistrust others through neglect. Then as toddlers, children become autonomous by beginning to perform activities on their own such as walking, eating, or using the toilet. If they do not become more self-reliant, children learn to doubt themselves. Children attempt many adult activities from ages three to six. They want to be as grown up as possible, but when they step over boundaries set by adults, the result for the child is guilt. At this age, children should be allowed to take initiative in their activities with feelings of guilt kept to a minimum.


During adolescence, individuals try to determine who they are. They establish identities in political, career, and sexual arenas, or they are confused about what identities to take. Then, young adults seek intimacy versus isolation. This intimacy may be in a marriage or romantic relationship, or some other deep commitment such as religious or political conviction.


Contribution to the next generation is the goal of middle-aged adults who wish to avoid stagnation. Meaningful work in their communities with their families can fill this void.


As people age, they try to see the meaning of their lives. This stage is known as Integrity versus Despair, and life is seen as either meaningful and satisfactory, or feelings of despair arise over unfinished business.


Essentially, Erikson agreed with the ideas of Freud in unconscious development, especially that unresolved childhood conflict results in problems in adult life. Erikson adapted the stages of human psychological development from a sexual to a social nature. Both Freud and Erikson believed that a person’s experience early in life greatly determines their behavior and satisfaction in life.





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